Hidden Caliphate
By Waleed Ziad

In a pathbreaking book,and Waleed Ziadand tells the story of Central and South Asia through the lens of transnational Sufi networks from the 18th century onwards, offeringand a vital new perspective on a region long understood only through European imperial histories.and Having conducted fieldwork across Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Central Asia, in 140 towns and villages, often living with religious communities in the Afghan-Pakistan border areas, Ziad shows how Asia was knit together by networks of Sufis centered in the region's chief cities, notably Peshawar and Bukhara. These Sufis, known as the Naqshbandi-Mujaddidis, fused Persian, Arabic, Turkish, and Indian literary traditions, mystical virtuosity, popular religious practices, and urban scholasticism in a unified yet flexible expression of Islam. They brought cohesion to diverse Muslim communities from Punjab to the Central Asian steppes and Siberia. Always misrepresented by colonial actors, these Sufis were the major force of military, social, and ideological resistance against the British and Soviet invasions through the 19thand and 20thand centuries and their influence is still felt today across the Muslim world.Ziad fuses social history, religious studies, and anthropologyand to offer a newand vision of Islamic sovereignty, where a Hidden Caliphate of Sufis provided order in times of political upheaval and fragmentation. Correspondingly, he demonstrates the place of regions like Kabul, Dera Ismail Khan, and Farghana, as pivot points of Eurasia where a host of knowledge systems, spiritual and scholastic networks, and nationalities blended.and This work is therefore essential in not only reframing our understanding of the history of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and their neighbors, but tracing how the region transformed from a cosmopolitan center with a flexible religious tradition into a breeding ground for exclusionary, monolithicand interpretations of Islam.